Architecture & Targeting
ccTLD vs. Subdomain vs. Subdirectory for International SEO
educational
The three URL structures for targeting different countries — ccTLD (example.de), subdomain (de.example.com), subdirectory (example.com/de/). Google has no ranking preference, but only ccTLDs carry an automatic geo-signal. Here's how to choose.
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Language Targeting vs. Country Targeting
educational
Language targeting and country targeting are two independent axes in international SEO. Which one you need — and which hreflang codes to use — depends on whether your content actually differs by country. From Patrick Stox.
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Geo-Redirects for International SEO
educational
Why automatic geo-redirects break international crawling and can sabotage hreflang — Googlebot mostly crawls from the US, the discovery problem, the narrow homepage-only 302 exception, and what to do instead. From Patrick Stox.
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